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Cosmology - astronomy
Small introduction
on Astronomy 1 b
cosmology
(continuation)
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Small introduction on astronomy - cosmology
- small introduction 1small introduction 2 -
  - small introduction 3    - small introduction 4    - 
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cosmology   in english  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9a 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Frame
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Glossary  A - K Glossary  L - Z solar system space time
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Dictionary deutsch englisch english - german INDEX

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INDEX



Introduction on astronomy 1b

Space curvature 
The relativity theory of Einstein is as follows:
The gravitation or attraction is not an energy like others, but it is the result of a 
circumstance, that space-time is not even, but curved.

As a result, the shortest ways through straight line are not the best possible ways, but the bodies are moved to the curved red way (see drawing: Geodaet ). They  follow the optimum course in a therefore curved space caused by gravitation. They follow the red way, the Geodaete. This is the best way in a curved space, where very less energy is required. The earth and the light beam in the above two diagrams show the best approximation in a straight line, which is possible in a curved space. 

According to the general relativity theory, a body allways follows straight lines in a 
four-dimensional space-time (length, width, height and time). But for us as observer, it appears to move in the form of an ellipse or other curved lines and  not in straight lines. 

Now we just imagine to view a bird or an airplane, flying over a landscape with mountains, valleys and channels. The airplane or the bird flies in a practically straight line over the country. But the shadow of the flying object on the two-dimensional earth's surface does not appear to move in a straight line. The shadow is once deep on the mountain, then on the valley and then even deep in the channel. It is a very much curved locomotion line, but the airplane flies straightforward.

It is clear that it is not simple for a gentle reader to imagine a space curved by attraction so easily. It is the same difficulty with the relatively passed time, when two persons move forward with different speed. 
(see Einstein's twin paradoxon ( twin paradoxon )). 

Now we start with a theoretical attempt:
We start with a spaceship and fly always straightforward. Through the curvature of the space, we can reach-back again our starting point. We have then crossed  the entire universe along the Geodaete space.
 


Time curvature
Just like the space, the time also changes through the attraction of the mass. Space and time are one or respectively form a unit (Look). The time is stretched at perigee. The closer we are to planets, the slower the time passes. We now build a tower on the earth's surface and attach an atomic clock at every  50 meters in the height. Atomic clocks are the most exact timing instrument. Thus we found out that the clock at the foot of the tower ran slower at most compared to all other clocks.
There is a time difference and this clock compared to all others have a delay. 

This is the statement of the third clock:
The time passed compared to the two clocks attached further down is larger. The time passed in relation to those clocks attached further above is smaller. This means- the further above, the faster the time passes. 

OR: The further away is the clock from the mass, the faster the time passes. Naturally the difference of the time are measured  in millions of seconds at our clock tower. 

This has a bigger effect on a flight in the universe. Besides, the speed of the aircraft also have an influence on this. (see Einstein's twin paradoxon )
Gravitation 

Our solar system lay a distance of 28000 light-years from the center of the galaxy and circles it at 250 km/hour. The complete circulation needs 200 million of years. At first in 1924, Georges Lemaitre had the idea,  that a Big Bang has been occured, which was developed from a Ur-atom with extraordinary density. 
 



Georges Lemaitre 

Einstein u Lemaitre
Left: Einstein and (right) Lemaitre

Lemaitre was the first person, who had have the Idea of a big bang.
The foundation, that it might have been a Big Bang, was discovered by astronom HUBBLE. He also suggested, that all galaxies move away from the earth.
However, this does not mean, that the earth is found in the center of the universe. Thus  the galaxies move away from every planets of the universe. Albert Einstein did not believed in the Big Bang theory. He knew Lemaitre personally. (magazine "star" - report 7.1.2002)
 
 


The background radiation - project: Boom rank 
The astrophysicists of Adam and Laughlin performed the project : Boom rank in the year 1964. They let measuring balloons rose into the stratosphere in the ice desert of the antarctic and the texanic desert. 


Penzias and Wilson discovered 
the cosmic background radiation with this antenna.

The cosmic background radiation was ought to be found, which was developed by the Big Bang. They mean that they found therein, tiny variations in temperature and ripples. 
Thus they made their  conclusion: The expansion of the universe lasts infinite - 
 no collaps will occur (reversal of the expansion - thus a collapse of the universe). The stars glow in the distant future and then the universe die. 
 
 
 

Telescopes - space telescopes
The space telescope outside the terrestrial atmosphere can even record incoming weak light beams of the stars without being affected by dust, water vapour and air flows. 

Official page of the Hubble space telescope: http://www.stsci.edu/http://ngst.gsfc.nasa.gov/

NEXT generation space Telescope "successor of Hubble space telescope: http://hubble.stsci.edu/gallery/showcase/text.shtml
 
 

With naked eye
The first astronomer, who used the simplest telescopes to view in the year 1650, is Galileo Galilei. Before this, Dane Tycho Brahe viewed the exact planet positioning only with the naked eye. However as an aid, Dane Tycho Brahe constructed some of his own observing devices around 1576 - 1610.

Seeingof humans 1 - Part 2      - see article
 
 

Telescope area

Milky Way
The yellow marked telescope areas of the terrestrial astronomers
Only the yellow speckled area can be searched by the telescopes. The star dust in the spiral arms hides the observations in the level of the galaxy. Only the two lateral areas can be observed. Our star, the sun (and thus the planet system) is found to be in an outside spiral arm, about 30,000  light-years far away from the center (see figure above). The small red point in the figure shows  the position of our solar system









The 4 fundamental forces
There are 4 fundamental forces in our universe.

The force of gravitation is the first, which holds all planets in its orbits.  Even when the range of the gravitation is far away within reach, if one considers , all comets are fixed to it. The Halley's comet visits us every 76 years and its course is determined by the gravitation.

The second fundamental force is the electromagnetic force, which is 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000 times stronger , but shorter in the range. Electromagnetic forces are responsible for the atomic characteristics and control the laws of chemistry (inclusive DNA molecule). The muscle power, and the explosion power of dynamite up to the flapping wings of birds are influenced by the electromagnetic force.

The third and fourth fundamental force  are the atomic nucleus forces, which are stronger than the electromagnetic forces, however is the range of the strength substantially shorter. --> ATOM glossary A .
The forces hold the atom together.

The 4 fundamental forces and the Big Bang
NR. 2. NR. 3 and NR. 4 of the fundamental forces are described in the quantum theory. The NR. 1 of the fundamental forces is described in the relativity theory. To specify  the Big Bang scientifically, the quantum theory of the gravitation is missing, which connects all 4 fundamental forces in an uniform description. --> history of the cosmos - Joseph Silk - spectrum publishing house 

Astrophoto
Globular star cluster










Astrologie = > (Greek star interpretation) the attempt to interpret and predict the happening on earth and the fate of humans from certain constellations of the stars. The Astrologie proceeds thereby from the conviction that between the star world and terrestrial processes (in particular of the human existence), a detectable regulated and thus prognosticatable relationship exists. The definition is taken out of Meyers large pocket dictionary in 24 tapes 5. Edition, Mannheim, 1995.

The astrology and the astronomy developed at the same time. Moreover it can be maintained, that the astronomy was followed out from the Astrology. The astrologers had the appropriate motivation to enlarge the theme on astronomy. No astrological interpretation can be created without planet positions. Since now, no physical conclusive assertion are found, why planets and stars influence the life of humans. No outgoing astrale energy was discovered from the planets and the sun, which can have an influence on the luck or misfortune of humansbeings. However some humans seem to behave crazy at full moon. The moon causes low-tide and flood. But that is still no conclusive proof for the influence of the planets on special abilities of humans.

It is also unclear why planet constellations and sun birth status are to interpret high-intelligent humans. The Astrology is based on the 12 animal sphere signs: However in the course of the time  a change in the obliquity of axes took place through precision, which modifies its direction and describes a cone. At this, only the inclination remains equal to the ecliptic. This causes that the spring point is found to be today in the character of the FISH. In former times the spring point  was fixed on the 21th of  March with the Aries. That means, there is a shift of the true constellations of an animal sphere signs. 

Stephen Hawking represents a general theory to the Astrology: The Astrology has not resisted any experimental examination. The complicated apparent movements of the planets in the sky were explained by Newton's law and have no influence on the personal fate. End of quotation Hawking.

Or has been a formula being discovered at the same time with Newton Gravitation Law for the calculation of the person fate (human signpost/guide)? 
 

Zodiac
Zodiac is called as the thirteen constellations, through
which  the sun moves in the course of  the years. The way that defines more exactly the way of the sun is the ecliptic. Classically the constellations  Aries, Pisces, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn and Aquarius (from the spring equinox) belong to the animal sphere signs. Due to the precession of the earth,  the Ophiuchus is also found to be  situated meanwhile in the ecliptic, without having been established in the horoscopes history. We do also  sometimes read  Zodiakus. Last paragraph : http://www.enzyklop.info/
 
 

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Author: Robert Kinkel on 2002.4.4 after Christ

Translation - German to English:  Tara Kinkel - 2003.7.7. after Christ

  Astrophotography DeepSky .

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